Civilization of Mesopotamia

Civilization of Mesopotamia of the greatest civilizations has left us with some great effects
'Mesopotamia or Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia) (Greek Μεσοποταμία, "Misoپautamaa", meaning Mesopotamia) Mesopotamia is located in southwestern Asia were among the first centers of civilization in the world. It is located currently in Iraq between the Tigris and Euphrates. The most famous are the civilizations of Sumer and Babylon, and I barely Assyrians, Chaldeans, which originated from Iraq.

 With the prosperity of civilizations in Mesopotamia and in times of simultaneous and consecutive been the occupation of neighboring territories occupying the east parts of Iran and specifically Elam (now the province of Khuzestan, known as the Arabs Stan) and occupied the west of Syria and down to Palestine, where the Babylonian exile in the reign of Nebuchadnezzar. And after the death of Nebuchadnezzar passed civilization of Mesopotamia in the era of decadence while originated the forces of civilization the Persians Vtm occupation of Babylon and post-Babylon by Cyrus and became Kotaisfon (currently known as cities) southeast of Baghdad, the capital of the Persians until the Islamic conquest at the hands of Omar ibn al-Khattab. With the passage of the years under the banner of Islam, Baghdad became the capital of the Abbasid caliphate, which was considered the golden generation of Islam. In 1919, Iraq announced the emergence of self-government of the state after independence from Ottoman rule.

 The need for defense and irrigation of the motives that have helped shape the first civilization in Mesopotamia by a people of ancient Mesopotamia and they fenced their towns and D channels. Years after 6000 BC. M. Settlements have emerged that have become cities in the fourth millennium BC. M. The oldest human settlements there Uruk Tel alliance in Syria, where he was held by the temples of brick and clay were decorated Bmchgullac metal and stones and invented the cuneiform writing.

  The Sumerians are responsible for the culture of the first there and then spread north to the Upper Euphrates and the most important Sumerian cities that have arisen at the time of the Yezidi izd perhaps this is due to the Yazidi religion is currently in Iraq and Kish and Ur and Larsa and ethics. In the year 2330 BC. M. They are captured Acadians were Semitic people living amid the country between Alnehrbn was the first king Sargon (2335 BC. M. --2 279 BC. M.) Has established the Kingdom of Akkad and Akkadian language replaced Sumerian place. Acadians remained the rule until the drop Jawtyon year 2218 BC. M. They are the tribes of the eastern hills. After a while the back of the third era of the city of Ur and the rule of most of Mesopotamia

 Then came the Elamites destroyed Ur and 2000 BC. M. And took over the most ancient cities did not develop something that came up from Babylon, Hammurabi and unified the country for a few years late in his reign. But Amoria family came to power in Assyria in the north. Enable the Hittites from Turkey coming from the Babylonians to drop the state immediately Aakbhm Kushites for four centuries. Then captured by the Almitaon (the people are called anti-Semitic often Hurion name or Alihuraaon) coming from the Caucasus, was called and remained Mesopotamia for centuries. But after the year 1700 BC. M. Deployed in large numbers across the north in all of Anatolia. There were state of Assyria in the north of Mesopotamia and the North Eastern Kingdoms, and defeated the Assyrians, Mitanni and seized the city of Babylon in 1225 BC. M. They reached the Mediterranean in 1100 BC. M.

 Mesopotamia, including the land between the Tigris and the Euphrates, both of which have their source in the mountains of Armenia in modern Turkey. Both rivers fed by the tributaries of many, and the entire river system feed the vast mountainous region. Land routes in Mesopotamia usually follow the Euphrates because the banks of the Tigris River are usually severe and difficult. Semi-arid climate of the region with over a vast desert in the north, which gives way to the area of ​​square 6,000 miles of swamps, lakes, mudflats, and the banks of reeds in the south. In the far south of the Euphrates and Tigris unite and pour in the Persian Gulf.

Arid environment, ranging from the northern regions of rain-fed agriculture, to the south where irrigation of agriculture is necessary if the amount of excess energy returned on energy invested can be obtained. Irrigation with the help of high surface water, groundwater, and melting snow from the high peaks of the Zagros Mountains and from the Armenian highlands, the source of the Tigris and Euphrates, who give an area its name. Usefulness of irrigation depends on the ability to mobilize sufficient labor for the construction and maintenance of canals, and this, since ancient Alozl, has helped in the development of urban settlements and centralized systems of political power

.Agriculture throughout the region have been completed by grazing nomadic, where the transferred Bedouin Saknoa tents, herds of sheep and goats (and later camels) from pasture river in the dry summer months, and out to pasture land monsoon on the edge of the desert in the rainy season in winter. The region generally lack the stone building, precious metals, timber, and therefore historically been relying on long-distance trade of agricultural products to secure these materials from remote areas. In the marshlands in the south of the country, found a complex culture of fishing and water since prehistoric times, and added to the cultural mix.

Crashes periodically in the cultural system and signed a number of reasons. Demand for labor has led from time to time to increase the number of people that push the limits on the ability of the environment endurance, and consequences of a period of climate instability, the collapse of the central government and the population decline can happen. Instead, the military weakness of the invasion from marginal hill tribes or nomadic herders led to periods of trade collapse and neglect of irrigation systems. The amount equally, between the central attraction tendencies States meant that the central authority on the whole region, when imposed, has tended to be ephemeral, fragmented and local power to regional units smaller or tribal. These trends have continued to the present day in Iraq.

.The oldest known written language in Mesopotamia was Sumerian, a language isolated monolithic. Semitic dialects, speaking in Mesopotamia with early Sumerian. Later in the Semitic language, Akkadian, came to be the dominant language, although Sumerian was retained for the purposes of the administrative, religious, literary, and scientific. Different varieties of Akkadian were used until the end of the Babylonian second. Then became Aramaic, which had become common in Mesopotamia, the regional administration official language of the Achaemenid Persian empire. Halt the use of Akkadian, but both the Sumerian and Accadian was still used in temples for a few centuries.

Early Mesopotamia (around mid 4th millennium BC) cuneiform writing was invented. Cuneiform literally means "wedge-shaped", due to the party triangle of pen used to compress the pins on the wet clay. Standardized form of each cuneiform sign appear that the development of pictograms. The first ones (7 Panels old) come from any - Anna yard very sacred to the goddess Inanna, dedicated in Uruk, Level III, the building was described as a temple (c) of Hvar

 The symbolic order of the early cuneiform took many years to master. Therefore, only a limited number of individuals were appointed clerks are trained to read and write. It was not until the adoption of use on a large scale tomography of the text under the rule of Sargon that large parts of the population of Mesopotamia are not illiterate. Huge archives of texts were recovered from archaeological contexts of the schools of the ancient Babylonian printing, in which literacy published

At the time of Babylon, there were libraries in most towns and temples; such as Sumerian is "he who would excel in school clerks must wake up with the dawn." Women as men have learned to read and write, and Babylon Semitic, that included Marafhllgh extinct Sumerian and clips complex and intense.

Much of the Babylonian literature was translated from Sumerian origins, and the language of religion and law long continued the ancient language of Sumer sheets. Vocabulary, grammar, and translation between the lines equipped for the use of students, as well as comments on the ancient texts and interpretations of ambiguous words and phrases. CT language words were all arranged and unnamed, and detailed lists of them were painted.

There are many Babylonian literary works which Anoaneha known to us. One of the most famous of these is an epic of Gilgamesh, in twelve books, translated from the original Sumerian by Sen - Hiruyan - Aoninna, and arranged on the basis of astronomical. Each section contains a story of adventure and one in the function of Gilgamesh. The whole story is the product of a compound, it is likely that some of the stories an added artificially to the central figure.

Babylonian astronomers were very interested in studying the stars and the sky, and most of them can predict the pre-coup the solar and lunar eclipses. I think people that everything had a purpose in astronomy. Most of these related to religion and omens. Astronomers in Mesopotamia may have put a timetable on a 12-month basis cycles of the moon. Divided the year into two seasons: summer and winter. The emergence of astronomy, astrology, as well as Aerkh of this time.

.During the eighth century BC and the seventh, put the Babylonian astronomers a new approach to astronomy. Began studying philosophy dealing with nature Altaata ideal for the fact that early, and started work on the internal logic within their predictive planetary systems. This was an important contribution to astronomy and philosophy of science, and therefore some scientists have suggested this new approach to the first scientific revolution, this new approach to astronomy was adopted and further developed in astronomy in Greek and Hellenistic.
In time, Greyhound and Barthe, astronomical reports were of a scientific nature accurately; is uncertain how many previously developed their knowledge and their methods have been developed. Babylonian development of methods to predict the movements of the planets is a key link in the history of astronomy.

Astronomer Babylonian only known that the support form the Sun - central to the movement of the planets was Seleucus of Seleucia (190 BC Seleucus is known from the writings of Plutarch. He supported the theory of a central sun as the Earth spins on its axis, which in turn revolve around the sun. According to Plutarch, Seleucus proved the sun - a central, but it is not known what arguments he used.

Astronomy Babylonian is the basis for most of what has been done in astronomy Greek and Hellenistic and Indian astrology, classical, in astronomy Sassanian, Byzantine, Syrian, and in the science of Islamic astronomy in the Middle Ages, and in astronomy in Central Asia and Western Europe

 
Use the people of Mesopotamia two tenths Steny counting system (base 60). This is the source of the current hour, consisting of 60 minutes and 24 hours a day, as well as the circle of 360 degrees. Sumerian calendar also measured weeks of seven days each week. This mathematical knowledge was used in making maps

The Babylonians may have known the general rules for measuring spaces. They measured the circumference of a circle as three times the diameter and area as one-twelfth the bounding box, which would be true if B were estimated as 3. Taken as an output volume of a cylinder to strike al Qaeda and length, but the volume of frustum of the pyramid or box making incorrectly as a result of the high and hit half of all the rules. Also, there was a recent discovery in which the board uses the i (π or pi) value of 3 and 1/8 (3.125 instead of 3.14159 ~). Babylonians also known Babylonian mileage, distance measurement equal to about seven miles (11 km) a day. This measurement for distances eventually was converted to a mile - and channeled the user to measure the travel of the sun, and therefore, represents the time

The oldest Babylonian texts on medicine Taudely period of ancient Babylon in the first half of the second millennium BC. Most of the Babylonian medical writings and large-scale, is the diagnostic manual written by a doctor Aasagiil - Ken - scuff of Borsippa, during the reign of the Babylonian king Adad - barrage - Adena (1069-1046 BC).

Along with medicine ancient Egypt today, the Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, expectations of medical, physical examination, and prescription. In addition, the diagnostic manual methods of treatment, treatment and aetiology and the use of the experimental method, logic and rationality in diagnosis, expectations and treatment. Text contains a list of medical symptoms and often there are detailed experimental observations along with logical rules used in the combination of symptoms Almlouhza on the patient's body with the diagnosis and prognosis

Symptoms and diseases of the patient were treated through therapeutic means such as bandages, Alchrimatu grain. If the patient can not be cured physically, the Babylonian physicians often were dependent on exorcism to cleanse the patient from any curse. Evidence for the diagnosis Aasagiil - Ken - Apley was based on a set of logical axioms and assumptions, including the modern view that through the examination and inspection of the patient's symptoms, it is possible to determine the patient's disease, its causes, its future developments, and opportunities to heal the patient.

Aasagiil - Ken - outwear discovered a variety of ailments and diseases, and symptoms described in the Guide to the diagnosis. These include the symptoms for many varieties of epilepsy and related ailments in addition to the diagnosis and to predict them

 The people of Mesopotamia invented many techniques including metal and brass works, and glass lamps making, weaving, flood control, water storage and irrigation.
They were also one of the first peoples of the Bronze Age in the world. Early used copper, bronze and gold, and later they used iron. Palaces were decorated with hundreds of kilograms of these metals is very costly. Also been used copper, bronze and iron armor as well as for different weapons such as swords, daggers, spears, wands warlike.
The oldest type of pumps is the Archimedes screw (mandolins), the first is used by Sennacherib king of Assyria, to water systems in the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and Nineveh in the seventeenth century BC, and later described in more detail by Archimedes in the third century BC. At a later time or during periods of Parthia Sassanid empire, was making a battery of Baghdad, which may be the first batteries, in Mesopotamia

 Religion in Mesopotamia is the first to be registered. The people of Mesopotamia believed that the world was a flat disk surrounded by a space is huge and pierced, and, above all, heaven is also believed that water was everywhere, top, bottom, on both sides, and that the universe was born from this enormous sea. In addition, the religion of Mesopotamia with the multiplicity of gods.

Although the belief described above has been in circulation among the people of Mesopotamia, there were also regional differences. Sumerian word for the universe is that - so, which refers to the god and goddess Ki Ann. Their son was Enlil, the god of the air. They believed that the god Enlil was the most powerful deity. Was the chief god of the gods or Pantheon group, as was the Zeus of the Greeks and the Romans had Jupiter. Sumerians also posed philosophical questions, such as: Who are we?, Where are we?, How we got here?. Tied the answers to these questions to explanations provided by the gods.

Hundreds of graves have been excavated in parts of Mesopotamia, revealing information about burial customs in Mesopotamia. In the city of Ur, most people were buried in the tombs of the family under their homes (as is the case in Catalhuyuc), along with some of their property. There are a few found them wrapped in mats and carpets. Children of the deceased were placed in "units" that are large and placed in the church family. Other remnants have been found buried in the cemetery of the city generally. 17 found in the tomb with a very valuable pieces in their minds; is assumed that these were graves of ownership

Geography of Mesopotamia is that such agriculture can only be achieved through good irrigation and drainage, which has had a profound impact on the evolution of civilization of Mesopotamia. The need for irrigation led the Sumerians and later Akkadians to build cities along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and branches of these rivers. Some major cities such as Ur and Uruk, took root on the tributaries of the Euphrates River, while others, especially for Gash, built on the branches of the Tigris River. Rivers and provided more of the benefits of fish (used both for food and enrichment), the reeds and mud (building materials).

When Assyria grew into an empire, was divided into small parts, called provinces. Each of these is named after major cities, like Nineveh, Samaria, Damascus and Arpad. They have had a Governor who was special to make sure that everyone pay taxes due from it; it was called the soldiers of the war, and the supply of workers when building the temple. He was also responsible for the laws that are being applied. In this way it was easier to keep control of the empire such as Assyria. Although Babylon Cannon is a small country in the Sumerian period, has grown significantly over the time of Hammurabi's rule. Was known as the "law maker", and soon Babylon became one of the main cities in Mesopotamia. Was later called Pablonaa, which means "gate of the gods." It also became one of the largest in the history of learning

 With the growth of city-states, spheres of influence overlap them, creating conflicts between city-states, especially over land and canals. These conflicts were recorded in tablets several hundreds of years before any major war - the first record of the war took place around 3200 BC but were not prevalent until the year 2500 BC. At this point the war was included in the political system of Mesopotamia, where it can act as an arbitrator for a neutral city rival cities. This helped in the formation of associations between the cities, which led to the countries of the region. When BC was created empires, they went to war more with foreign countries.