Phoenician civilization

Phoenician civilization of the most important and most ancient of ancient civilizations and has a strong asset in history

Phoenicians Semitic group of assets, a branch of the Canaanites of the Giants. Inhabited the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea more than 4000 years BC. At specified intervals, dominated most of the Phoenicians on the Mediterranean islands to spread their colonies of Carthage in North Africa to southern Spain and Corsica. The Greeks called the inhabitants of this area Balfoanicos (phoinikies), which means Abannvsgiyn because of the color of their clothes and Oqmsthm purple, which are notorious Besbaghtha of marine shells Almorks.

Phoenicians known their alphabet and their writings the most advanced, which relied on the exits of the letters instead of writing such as hieroglyphics and pictorial and cuneiform alphabet was out for each of the contemporary Arabic, Hebrew, Greek and Latin. And will probably be the inhabitants of the coast of Syria, Lebanon, Tunisia and Malta have Phoenician roots

Despite the many archaeological missions that have worked in all the ancient Phoenician sites, the detection of these sites has not exceeded the ground layers dating back to Byzantine times, Romanian and in some locations to the Phoenicians has been reported from many historical sources, Babylonian, Assyrian, Greek and Pharaonic.

And agreed that the emergence of Phoenician cities due to the four thousand years BC. Historians have differed in the assets of origin of them said they came from the shores of the Red Sea and some of them to the people of Dilmun Erdjahm in the Persian Gulf. However, they agreed that the Phoenicians were Semites Kanaaon from the heart of Sam son of Noah and linking them to al-Tabari Balamaliq of Perishing Arabs

The Strabo (64 BC. M 19 m), geographical Roman, pointed out that the graves in the islands of Bahrain similarity Phoenician tombs, and that the inhabitants of these islands will recall that Dzaúarham names are the names of their towns and Vinqah. He also said that in these cities Phoenician structures that resemble structures. Further evidence supporting this theory, the names of the Arabian Peninsula in the east of the same names of cities set up by the Phoenicians on the Syrian coast. Such as (s) on the coast of Oman, and (Jbeil) and the island of Arwad (Arwad is the old name of the island of Muharraq in Bahrain and the island of Tarot Qatif city of close to Beirut, Lebanon, the name was found Patarrot and Qatif effects of many Phoenician

As the Jean-Jacques Biriby that Phoenicians who started from the Makran coast to Shami, where they built their cities and fostered a culture that spread it in the Mediterranean Sea. As for Francis to time the author of "History of Ancient East" sees "they have taken the caravan route from Qatif to the Valley Gtefan and Mount Twaik in Najd. Then passed through tattooing and Qassim Valhanakih., Including marching in the road routes of pilgrims each year [said Ameen Rihani:" What is the consensus of historians and archaeologists that the Phoenicians like the Arabs are Semites. They are Arabs, but the original. Displaced from Arab beaches on the eastern Persian Gulf, from Qatif and Bahrain to the coasts of the Mediterranean in ancient times "
Came in the second part of the language of the Arabs "... It seems that they (ie the Canaanites, Phoenicians) of Arab origin, was quoted by the ancient traditions that they Zanoa of homes adjacent to the Arabian Gulf to the coasts of the Mediterranean

Henry said that the origin of Rawlیnson Phoenicians (Canaanites) of the population of Bahrain, Qatif in the Persian Gulf. Zanoa from there to the coast of the Levant for nearly five thousand years. And they are Arabs and there origins Veniqih names Veniqih cities such as Tyre, Byblos and Arwad

The Arab historian Abu Jarir al-Tabari (d. 310 AH / 922 AD) that "the Canaanites, the Arabs are extinct, and they return to Bonsabhm Giants." Ibn Khaldun said about taking the Canaanites for al-Tabari: "... The Canaanites were the Giants, who had been deployed in the Levant and controlled." He also said: "The first king of the Arabs in the Levant as we learned of the Giants." He also said: "The Giants and Thamoud Amim and speak Arabic and Jassem

Dr. Pierre Zloaa (specialist in the study of DNA and teacher at the Lebanese American University and director of the Middle East in the project Djinograve) conducted a recent study within the project Genographic Project of the National Geographic Foundation, which aims to study the movement of migration of peoples historically. Has been able during the five years to identify a gene, "an inheritance" distinguishes the people of the coast of Syria, the major so-called scientific name of the J2 is no different from the genes of the people of the Arabian Peninsula, but concentrated on the coast and around the Mediterranean and the overlapping genes of many other what explains the mating peoples together. Says, "genetically any scientifically, it is impossible to divide the people who live in areas of Phoenician civilization.

Q 99% of children carrying a gene that J2 holders are arrived to this part of the world by around 10 thousand years, ie, with the beginning of the era of urbanization (the transition from nomadic to a state of residence). And lived in this land and have set up their villages and towns, and some of them migrated to other parts of the Mediterranean where he built settlements there and behind the effects and genes. J2 gene exists in all the cities used by the Phoenicians in the Mediterranean from Carthage to Sicily and Malta ... Which dates back its presence in the region to 2000 BC. "And emphasizes the study that the Phoenicians and the Canaanites are Tzmatan for one people. And the other research pointed to the spread of DNA mtDNA Haplotype U6b in different regions in northern Europe and western Africa, indicating the presence of Phoenicians in those areas

 Canaanites settled the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, which includes <[Soeriao Lebanon and Palestine]> Current since 5000 BC. M. Since 1100 BC. M, called the Canaanites who inhabited the coastal areas north of Tyre Phoenicians until the upper coast of Syria, and the Canaanites, the South has named Balvelstien.

Phoenicians established cities on the west coast of the Mediterranean Sea is still to this day full of such images, and Arwad Ugarit, Sidon and Byblos, and others.

Phoenicia and cities reached its peak of glory trade in the thirteenth century BC It was the contacts, including marine areas and the entire ancient world trade amounted to a great degree
In the late second millennium BC, control of the Aegean still on the Mediterranean, allowing for the expansion of their trade Veniqian Navy. And distributed their ships and then their colonies all over the Mediterranean

Phoenician cities spread in ancient times, the coastal area of the city of Ugarit in northern Syria (modern Ras Shamra) to Acre in northern Palestine, a length of about 322 km. Then settled in the east coast of Cyprus and that of the rich copper and precious stones, and then to the abundance of grain and Khmurha and its almonds, and its center between two worlds. And built most of the stores coast.

Were interested in areas of Cilicia and Tartous, and there came to Rhodes in front of the beach. Settled in the islands of Crete and "Alsaclad." But they are not more than the Dardanelles in the establishment of the colonies because of the distance. Albeit their convoys have reached the shores of the Black Sea and Armenia.

In the south, the presence of the Phoenicians; but they did not establish colonies because of the presence of the Egyptians. Has set up a warehouse in Memphis, where enjoyed the freedom of trade. And have set up a special Balsurien alive since the twelfth century BC, and established a temple of Astarte

 As competition intensified Greeks, Phoenicians preferred to leave the door open in front of Sidon, Vengulwa influence commercial areas to the western basin of the Mediterranean. They settled in Sicily, and "Iotiqa" (old city) in today's Tunisia, Malta, keeping in view the choice of their colonies in the maritime business center and location for the establishment of natural harbors. From there, the Phoenicians to the south of Sardinia, and the islands adjacent "Kalpaliar." And then stepped toward the "Tarshish" (Spain), where one of their stations turned the business into a colony

Were not established the first colony of Carthage in North Africa, but was preceded by a colony "Iotiqa" (100 years BC). Abstract on the river, and "Zaras" (Bizerte). It was called Carthage (modern city) to distinguish it from its neighbor "Iotiqa" (old city). Was built around 814 BC. M. To be the link between Tyre and the Phoenician colonies.

He chose her Alsurion strategically located between the eastern and western basins of the Mediterranean. Related to the African continent by land, sea and the various stations, stores, and the Phoenician colonies in the West. And has become Carthage Carthage or the heir to the city of Tyre after the fall of the latter and formed a business empire became proverbial in the prosperity and progress. It should also be noted that Viniqia Balbonqaan Carthage, dubbed the mixture between the Phoenicians and the indigenous inhabitants of North Africa

Herodotus tells that the Pharaoh wanted Ncao second extension of maritime activity and trade, the Phoenicians, he asked the sailors to make a trip around Africa trip and they lasted three years, from the Red Sea to the Cape of Good Hope, and then returned via Gibraltar. Could not the old world to believe that the sun shines always on the left, brightened the day of the right of the sailors. When lack of Maonthm, they stop on the coast for the cultivation of some crops and then continue sailing after harvest

 In a study of a researcher "Hynekh Zudhov", translated into Arabic d. Hassan Omran, entitled "Sorry Columbus'm not the first to discover America," reported from within the scientific arguments, which provided that the crossing of the Atlantic had already Columbus centuries, found in America, some of the evidence and the effects that indicate that the Phoenicians had crossed the Atlantic and arrived in America in ancient times, from this evidence to find the thousands of artifacts in the graves in Guatemala, including a very small amulet of the god (Pace) with features and ugly beard he thought Mistotnoa the Middle East in the thousands of BC First it is doom and bad luck. Skill of the Phoenicians, marine and experience in the fight in the seas, and the presence of the amulet piece in the Tombs of the ritual Phoenicians proven by archaeologists in the tombs in several regions of the Middle East, as well as engraving famous known inscription Paraiba in Brazil and inscriptions discovered "Steve Bartalumio" in central Utah in the U.S. United States

Did not seek to ignore the Phoenicians trade with the country, "ABN AMRO", and Mesopotamia, and beyond the countries and peoples. Vchabt caravan routes in all directions even included countries such as Egypt by sea related to Phoenicia and Asia Minor. The most important wild strangers: the coastal roads: one towards the south, passing through all the Phoenician cities and the coast of Palestine to Sinai. And from there the road is divided into two divisions: the first around the Arabian Peninsula, where the famous cities of the Persian Gulf called the Phoenician cities. And the second to go to Egypt, Sudan and Abyssinia. The coastal road towards the north, is thus expressed towards Phoenicia Cilicia and Latakia and Tartus Ugarit. And was the capital of the Hittites "Htosh" (strait Cui day) meeting point between the "royal road" to the Persian, "Sardis" capital "Lydia" Western Asia Minor, and the northern route to Armenia and the Black Sea

 Internal Roads: Namely, the two major roads, the first branches off the coastal road north. Goes from Ugarit about Hama, and Aleppo, Edessa, and Carchemish, and Nisibis in the Syrian Jazeera, relates to the Euphrates Valley of Mesopotamia, Harran or go to Nineveh. And the second reflects the way the mountains of Lebanon to destroy the land of Damascus Zabadani Mesopotamia and eastern Syria, and this is the shortest route, but harder. Both of the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia was the link between Phoenicia and India. In the wild their ways, the Phoenicians reside friendly relations with the peoples of the countries and regions which cross them; Phippnon bonds of understanding with the tribes, and will help them to each other brokers or counselors. This allowed them to create commercial stations and their own neighborhoods. As the security of their convoys evil thieves attackers in remote areas isolated

 No wonder that the Phoenicians, traders continue to trip a few years sometimes. Mtjulun understanding, offering on people and manufactures Musnoathm others. Kvaniqia country and can not give a lot, with the exception of timber, oil and alcohol. So count on produce they buy and sell others. Fastordoa wool, leather and meat from the center of Syria, honey, cereals, from Palestine, and Alavawiyeh and spices from the Far East, and copper from Cyprus, Greece and the Caucasus, and gold of Spain, and precious stones from Egypt and the Sinai, and perfumes from Mesopotamia, and ebony and ivory from the Sudan, linen and cotton from Egypt, and horses from Armenia

The religion of the Phoenicians, a set of rituals and acts of worship set up by the Phoenician cities, and vary according to the places in which they are, despite their involvement in the perception of all of the same God and the cosmic and natural phenomena.

And it is the custom that each city three gods: God of elderly have the power and wisdom are usually called "Baal" any master, and a female goddess and the life skill, and the God of a young plant and childbirth

Byblos was a three-Il are elderly and female Jbeil illness and to their part of God the boy Adonis.
In Sidon, Baal-Sidon was elderly and female and Astrt Ashmoun god boy and his death is celebrated and the mission each year.

The triple images composed of the God of heaven, Baal Shamim and Astrt or gods and humans, plants, and the young boy Mlgart master of the city and its king.

The effects in a number of other gods such as Baal Welders who slave in the western Mediterranean, Carthage and the Tanit Goddess Carthaginian, and Baal of Lebanon, which gave him a factor Hiram on keratosis Hadasht in Cyprus immediate bronze and the death of the God of the free and the summer and harvest, and Baal Cassius (mountain Aqra) and Baal Safon and Prati (Hermon) the gods of the mountains. Then the goddess Shamash (the sun) and the gods Am and a day a month (moon)

We have little information about the different rituals and ceremonies. Phoenician worship. There are signs that they were offering sacrifices to please the gods and that the uniforms they wear purple Khuntm during the ritual. He stated that the sacrifice to the gods and enters the courtyard of the temple, he had to purify himself and replaced with new ones worldly clothes. As they were away from the structure Mlgart swine, lest Tdnasseh there for her.

When the Phoenicians and the sacrifices they have exceeded that of their property may be exceeded in order to become members of them, or their slaves They were picking someone to be a sacrifice as described in the translation of a monumental inscription Paraiba their waste
In celebration of the death of God, people shave their heads and beat her and live Almanahat and declare mourning in all parts, and the day it is due to say that life has become in the sky

Meet most of the linguists and the effects that the invention of the alphabet mother, who was born of all the world's alphabets such as Greek, Latin, Arabic and Hebrew have been at the hands of the Phoenicians, where he found the oldest number (Loch clay) written by the alphabet in Ugarit, near the city of Latakia in Syria of Herodotus Greek ratios invention A to Cadmus the Phoenician. When moved to Thebes Cadmus spread among the peoples of Europe.

  There are traces in the city of Thebes is a pattern to the image of Cadmus teaches his children the alphabet. It is the oldest inscriptions written alphabet Phoenician inscriptions the tomb of King Aharam or Jbeil "Byblos". He states that he found traces of Phoenician texts in other countries such as Cyprus, Egypt, Spain, Italy and Tunisia and in particular the majority of Mediterranean countries, and language were written from right Alviiqih A to the left. As noted researcher, "Steve Bartalumio" on the effects of Fanich back to Carthage in the middle of Utah in the United States