The ancient Egyptian civilization

Most ancient civilizations, the most important of all is the civilization of the ancient Egyptian civilization and is considered the most important in history because of their importance
Where he discovered the ancient Egyptian discoveries of many important human remains to the site wow now between scientists and those interested in history

Civilization of the ancient Egyptians or Pharaonic civilization is the civilization that has ruled Egypt in Pharaonic different families since the dawn of history until the Roman conquest of Egypt over 3000 years.

· Since 250 thousand years BC. M. In prehistoric times, Egypt was home to primitive man, who was trapped animals in the region where the far south of the Nuba rich grass

· Since 35 thousand years BC. M. Came to this area of desertification which was stopped by rainfall, which created the agricultural communities in Egypt, Central and North Delta. And the first civilization in the Egyptian Badari level based on farming, fishing and breeding birds, livestock and industry Alfajarwaltaadin.

· In about the year 4000 BC. M. Irrigation systems have become the kingdoms of Egypt and was a small tribal Upper crown symbolizes his face white and his crown symbolizes the sea and the Red King Menes united the two countries from the South since 3,200 years BC. M and made the capital of Memphis (Memphis). This unification made ​​Egypt a safe country and its capitalMemphis and this is clear from the records of the many who kept them dry climate to be areserved through the ages and the subsequent treatise on papyrus .

This historical division of Egypt and known system attributed to dynastic Egyptian priest named Manetho has written in the Ptolemaic era:
· Division of the history of Egypt for thirty family until the entry of Alexander the Great and Egypt that date in which the gaps overlooked by many periods of the rulers of Egypt. See Maniton.
· Under the governor of Egypt makes it since the unification of divinity Musraam 3,200 years BC. M. Even the Roman occupation of Egypt.
· 2772 BC. M. Egyptians knew that the calendar year 365 days.
· 2700 BC. M. King Djoser built his pyramid at Saqqara pyramid known as the runway.
· 2560 BC. M. King Khufu built the Great Pyramid, which has been the highest building in the world until the 13th century.
· 2260 BC. M events took place the story of Eloquent Peasant

 · 2050 BC. Became a good Luxor during the Middle Kingdom capital of Egypt.
· 2000 BC. M. Egypt Rodt cats to snakes and progress in astronomy and to predict the date the flood.
· 1786 BC. M. Hyksos who came to Egypt as traders and action in the troubled Horn of the past, occupying the north of Egypt and brought the horse and the wheel and a strong influence because of domestic problems in Egypt.
· 1600 BC. M. Revolt against the Hyksos in Upper Egypt spread all over Egypt.
· 1560 BC. M. Ahmose expelled the Hyksos and the rest of the Asian tribes, the founder of the modern state, and Egypt became a colonial state and took over most of the ancient world.
· 1500 BC. M. Use sweep

· 1425 BC. M. King Thutmose III took over the rule of Egypt and founded the Egyptian Empire, or what is described as the modern state
· 1375 BC. M. Call monotheism of Akhenaten and moved the capital from Thebes to Tel el-Amarna and the prevention of sun worship, which led to the disintegration of large parts of the Egyptian Empire
· 1271 BC. M. King Ramses II Alhethein fighting on the eastern border of the country in a long battle called Kadesh, which did not win a
· 1285 BC. M. King of the Hittites Khatossell second hold a peace treaty with Ramses II is the first peace treaty in history, a blog and came to power parity
· 1236 BC. M. King Merenptah, King of Egypt (1236 1223), block the attack, the Sea Peoples and Libyans and blogs at Mslath he attacked the people (Israel) and spent it in (1231)
· 1167 BC. M the death of Ramses III (1198 1167) the last king of Egypt bones and a weak central state, priests, and governors in control of Egypt and the beginning of the Late Period
· 750 BC. M. King Kachta king of the South up to rule and declares himself king of the country and the son of the god Amun.

· 671 BC. M. Wars with the Assyrians
· 661 BC. M. The expulsion of the Egyptians by the Assyrians first Abasmatic
· 601 BC. M. King Necho II repels invasion, Egyptian Babylonian Babylonian War
· 525 BC. M. Alakhmignon invade Egypt and ruled for the year 405 BC.
· 405 BC. M. The expulsion of the Egyptians to the Persians at the hands of Imereti

· 343 BC. M. Persians occupied Egypt again until 332 BC m.
· 332 BC. M. Alexander the Great invades Egypt and founded Alexandria
· 323 BC. M. The reign of the Ptolemies
· 30 BC. M. Cleopatra VII commits suicide - the end of the rule of the Ptolemies and the beginning of Roman rule
· 330 meters Byzantine Roman rule of Egypt.
· Introduction of Islam 641 AD Egypt after 33 years of his appearance in Mecca.

 Were not civilization of ancient Egyptian civilization in the age slip time. Because their civilization was the individual cultural characteristics and achievements large and originality. This is what gave it the credibility of authenticity among all civilizations. Or making it the undisputed world civilizations. This and more Mkutha impressed and famous of ancient civilizations. The civilization of the ancient Egyptians The Ancient Egyptians Civilization along the River Nile in northeast Africa since the year 5000 BC. M. To the year 30 BC. M. .. The longest continuity of civilization, ancient world, the ancient Egyptian civilization mean in terms of geography that civilization which originated the valley and the Nile Delta, where he lived the ancient Egyptians. It is the cultural aspect refers to the language and civilization, customs and rituals of their organization to their lives and manage their own affairs and administrative life and their understanding of the nature around them and their dealings with their neighbors and are the first people to tap the cats.

The River Nile, which is the civilization of the ancient Egyptians Npa over the eastern hills of Abyssinia, Africa and the headwaters of the Nile in southern Sudan, heading north from Sudan to Egypt to the flood comes every year to feed the soil with silt. This phenomenon made ​​the natural flood Egypt's economy in renewed sleep dependent mainly on agriculture. It helped the emergence of civilization is also the sky is free of clouds and sunshine supervising almost throughout the year to extend the ancient Egyptians Ieddfou and light. Egypt is also protected from the neighbors, West Sahara and the sea from the north and east, and the presence of waterfalls (rapids) on the Nile south of heart to the ground, making it almost deserted. In this land back two of the seven wonders of the world. They are the pyramids of Giza and the Lighthouse of Alexandria.

The plant was the oldest archaeological site of heart. It was 6000 years since the fall of the pastoral summer rains attends the cattle until 4899 years ago when it rains receded. Discovered the stone circles has Scanbh communities in the region, including the Village was 18 well provide them with water under the surface of the tiles Majuleci large building is a statue of a cow sculpture of a large rock. The village consists of 18 houses. And the cemetery where many of the cattle were found in their rooms from the mud. This indicates that the population they worship the cow. Stoves were found and used. And the bones of deer and wild rabbits and shards of pottery and decorated ostrich egg shells. But there is no landfill waste or human plant. This indicates that the nomads were free to come and plant every summer, where water and pasture. And marriage, trade and the establishment of religious rituals.

 In the field of astronomy, we find that the ancient Egyptians had set up the oldest observatory in the world and before the era of building the pyramids since the period of time by the sun and stars, where they set up gravestones Mijalithat Megaliths. It is a circle of stone have been established since 7000 in the desert in southern Egypt. Before the establishment of sites Almijalathat England, Britain and Europe a thousand years as a famous Stonehenge.

Plant site was discovered several years ago and consists of a small stone circle. With the bones of cattle and five diagonal lines of stones and tiles Ahadjrbh revealed by the diagonal at a distance of a mile from the site, some 9 feet high. Each slab buried soil over a flat rock. This is the site of the original points of the four sets of solar moderation. Active and a small stone circle by the bones of cattle and five lines of Mijulithat italic. This was the site was built on the shore of Lake collects rain water and in summer time. Where the herds of cattle driven to the plant in the Neolithic period since 10 thousand years.

The nomadic herdsmen come to in the rainy season since 4800, even years, where the monsoon receded towards south Ghellab to become barren region. This was a small circle 12 feet in diameter with four sets of tiles, where the menu can be seen ahead. The two Tottagha the north and south and the other two groups on the horizon Tottagha Equinox solar summer. And their descendants after 2000 years have been displaced by the Nile Valley and established the ancient Egyptian civilization, particularly after Oagafrat this pastoral region and climate change.

  And settled in the year 4000 BC. M. Upper Egypt, especially in the Nizhne old and Naqada and Abydos (see: Badari). This stability and spatial creativity while making the ancient Egyptian civilization and Mdnithm on their land. Creating science and literature, traditions and customs, literature, stories, myths and left after them, recording the wall and papyrus manuscript of the root of this innovative civilization. Vcedoa Kalohramat large buildings, temples and tombs that have defied time. In addition to manuscripts, drawings, photographs Anakouchet color which remained until today

.The papyrus plant were being treated to make it the kind Atmarh and wrote the history, science, customs and traditions to be a message for their grandchildren and the world. They write it in the hieroglyphic writing of a graphic symbol which reflects the image are known. And concepts invented in the account and studied engineering, medicine, dentistry, worked with the calendar according to their observations of the sun and stars. Although the ancient Egyptians used to worship many gods, but divine call monotheism emerged at the hands of King Akhenaten ideological feature. They are also the first to Souroaptda doctrine of life in the Hereafter.

 
  These concepts were not present I have the rest of the peoples. And built and decorated with ornate tombs Ptothitha have to live the life eternal. Egypt was the superpower and the world was the old political influence often extends his influence to neighboring countries in east Asia and west Africa. And south of heart and Puntland, Yemen The ancient Egyptians call their land Kemet Kimmitt any black land because the Nile silt and feeding it was also called rational land Deshret any reference to the color red sands of the desert, which is burning in the sun. The abundance of the flood water has made them Avemun network of irrigation, agriculture and manufactured boat traffic, transport and fishing from the river

 Gave them the land and precious metals and gems such as gold, silver and copper. They exchange goods with neighboring countries. And history of Egypt we find it begins since 8000 BC. M. In South-East Egypt at the border of Sudan North-East. The shepherds came to her people and was the region where he was attracted by the sensitivity of the plains for grazing and climate was welcoming and the lakes of water from seasonal rains. The monuments show the settlers that they were there caring for livestock. They left after them, huge buildings in 6000 BC. M.

Agriculture began in the town of Badari in six 5000 BC. M. The Fayoum settlers before planting Badari thousand years. The city of Delta Mrmid on its western border since 4500 BC. M. In the city of Bhutto emerged pottery decorated pottery is different from the model in Upper Egypt. There was a difference between the ancient Egyptians between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt in the faith and way of burying the dead and architecture. The King Menes in 3100 BC. M. And united the two countries (Egypt Upper and Lower Egypt). He put on his head symbolizes eutrofication white face and red tribal face the sea. And the king made Memphis Memphis Mena united capital and was located west of the Nile at Giza and Abydos royal tomb, which moved to Saqqara during the era of the Old Kingdom.

The population of Egypt before the dynasties (5000 BC. M. - 3000 BC. M.) Is currently only hundreds of thousands, during the Old Kingdom (2575 BC. M. --2 134 BC. M.) Reached the 2 million people during the Middle Kingdom (2040 BC. M. - 1640 BC. m.) increased during the new Kingdom (1550 BC. m. - 1070 BC. m.) Aladdinm was 3 to 4 million people. In the Hellenistic era (332 BC. M. - 30 s. M.) Reached No. 7 million people. Egypt and then entered the Roman era. The Egyptians are adjacent river. Because it is an agricultural community of Memphis and was a good and important, when each of the capital. And education and writing was independent in ancient Egypt and the limited writing and reading between the small proportion of the ruling elite or clerks in the administrative system.

The sons of the royal family and the ruling elite learn to minors. And the rest of the people were learning in schools or temples Mounzul. The education of girls was confined to writing and reading at home. The teachers were strict and use the battery. The callus school learning to read and write and write letters and other texts. The manuscripts were kept in the house of life, a house conservation in each temple, and like a library. And was educated in ancient Egypt, studying arithmetic, geometry, fractions and addition and medicine. The books found in internal medicine, surgery and treatment, pharmaceutical and veterinary dentistry. And copy all books, including literature and religious texts.

The Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799 during the French campaign was carved in 196 BC. M. Accordingly, three languages ​​and hieroglyphic Aldemutkip (Coptic and are intended to modern language to the ancient Egyptians), and Greek. At the time of his discovery of a mystery of language Aevsr hundreds of years ago. Because the first two languages ​​were at the time of the dead languages​​. Until the French scholar Jean Francois Champollion interpreted this language after matching them with the Greek and hieroglyphic texts of the other. This indicates that these languages ​​were prevalent during the reign of the Ptolemaic Greeks of Egypt for more than 150 years

..The hieroglyphic language spoken in religious temples and demotic language was the language of writing and popular Greek language Greek rulers. The content of the writing in praise of Pharaoh Musroanjazath good for the priests and the people of Egypt. Was written by priests to public and private reading of the leading Egyptian and the ruling class. Champollion was able to decode the hieroglyphics in 1822 to open the horizons become acquainted with the civilization of the ancient Egyptians Olgazha sciences and the translation after the revival of their language after Muatha over the centuries. The hieroglyphic and Obhaditha taught anyone who wants to study Egyptology. Then evolved to the hieroglyphic Heratkip Dimutkip and then to the Coptic

The ancient Egyptian calendar time since the early stage and was based on Mlahzanhm of the sun and the stars, the sky and the dates of the Nile flood every year. They were using their calendar to record historical events and festivals and scheduling decisions Narich property. He was the first attempt to make calendar in 8000 BC. M. When making stone circles (see: Afbara. And Stonehenge) in the southwest corner utmost Egypt

They were used to control the stars and their movements. They divided the 24-hour day (12 day and 12 night) and week 10 days month 3 weeks or 30 days. Year and 12 months. Were divided to three classes each semester of 4 months. The year was equivalent to 360 days. The ancient Egyptians say after 5 days every day of this five-day festival refers to the birth of a god. And this year will be a full Pharaonic 365 days. It is almost a year now, except for solar fourth on the difference in each calendar year, did not know to add on every 4 years.

 
The ancient Egyptians Balgdid of innovative and creative works over the world a world both in embalming (article), music, sculpture, literature, painting, architecture and drama. After days of consolidation every sense of religious belief has become a feature of the pluralism of the gods and Theology and the environment have an impact on religious thought and worship Pharaonic gods where the human or animal forms, or combination of them. These forms Jsdwiha ancient Egyptians forces of nature and its elements. And the formation of myths and stories about their gods and their world to understand the complex interactions in the universe around them.

Religious belief played a major role in their lives and have had their impact on the art and thoughts about life in the Hereafter and the idea of ​​the Resurrection and the rulers and their relations. The Art Studio Kalnan bilateral dimensions and drawing on the walls of temples, tombs and coffins of the dead and coffins of the dead and papyrus. The Egyptian artists Iggsmon Bmlamhaa expressive portraits Ttin rate of time and space in these pictures for Atabr Alkhlodomn through hieroglyphics that are accompanied by graphics and be part of the wonderful work of art. The name of the statue is placed on the base or side.

.And we find the pyramids reflect the grandeur of architecture to the ancient Egyptians. This ruins the huge tombs have four triangular walls converge at the point of the summit which is a hill out of primitive life in the myths of creation or the strong sunlight. We have built a pyramid of about 100 as a rest house for their rulers after death. The square shaped temple at the east-west line of sunrise and sunset. The ancient Egyptians believed that the model of the temple built by humans can be a natural environment suitable for the gods. Greeks have benefited from the ancient Egyptian sculpture, architecture, philosophy and theology (see: Amenhotep) .. The ancient Egyptians were masters of art works of stone, metal and glass and the normal color.

And exploration of the effects prehistoric era in Egypt since 6000 years BC. M. The presence of archaeological sites on the border with Egypt, South Sudan, where they were found on the burial sites and the establishment of Aloebad, ceremonies and cemeteries of the cattle, which indicates venerate. The graves were found human artifacts, weapons and hand back to this time period, indicating the existence of the doctrine after death. The doctrine is based on the ancient Egyptians represented the sun and in the doctrine of Ra and Horus into the Stative. And the moon represented by the doctrine of strawberries and Khonsu and the earth, represented in the pocket and the doctrine of the sky goddess Nut and Tefnut Shuo god, wind and humidity. And Osiris, Isis, the rulers of the underworld. Most of these gods and the myths around them. And became Amun-Ra and after the merger doctrine representing Amun - Ra king of the gods.

There was a worship of local gods specific to each region in Egypt. Reverend King was the largest exercise in festivals and rituals were performed by priests in temples ordinary days. The ordinary people of Aidechlunha only to serve. The Egyptians were interested in life after death and the living tombs and Izinunha Ejehzona pictures and furniture. They were mummified after death care (article) Dead. They were put in coffins spells and amulets on the mummy. They write texts on magic or cloth on the walls of the tomb and papyrus to be buried with him. The texts of protection and a guide in the underworld.

In ancient Egypt, the king is absolute ruler and spiritual leader and the link between the people and the gods. He was supported by the minister and the administrative system and its priests. The king was the commander of the army and his commanders and soldiers of the army of the Egyptians at the age of twenty-fifth to forty years. The sentence was genetically among children in most of the time except for Horemheb (1319 BC. M.), Who was a leader and his successor, Ramses I, who was not of royal blood. Rarely was a woman who ruled Egypt except Hatshepsut, who ruled in the family 18 after the death of her husband Tuthmosis II in 1479 BC. M.

And shared rule with Thutmose III. The Egyptians believed that the King God of my God and King. After his death lead him to the rituals remain a god. He was nicknamed usually the owner and the King of the Two Lands of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt (Delta in the north and the valley in the south. It was Egypt's economy people on agriculture dependent on the Nile, who was supplying Egypt with water and crop varieties such as grain, particularly barley, wheat, fruit, vegetables and Mmazm agricultural land was the property of the king and the temples. The sweep means of irrigation decline after the flood. I have discovered several mummies reserved been found in all parts of the world in all continents where mummification mummification Follow all the continents

. Mummy and the word origin word hieroglyphics "mm", which means wax or tar, which was used in the mummification process. Has been derived from the word later Aantchert Mummy and then to the Indo-European languages​​. This word mummy applied to all human remains of soft tissues. And mummification may be present in every continent but the way the ancient Egyptians in a way linked to this is attributed to them. It was the first study of the mummies were in the 19th century. Egyptian mummies, and not just a coil of linen cloth is damaged by the dead bodies only. But the way to the presence of permanent homes for the spirits. And this is how the fraudulent death

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