Mayan civilization

Mayan civilizations of the mission, in the very old time

Mayan civilization is the name of the northern parts of Guatemala and Mexico, where tropical forests, Honduras, El Salvador, these areas are home to people of Mayan Indians, which reached its peak year 700 BC. M. The arrival of the Spaniards and Europeans to the Americas led to the destruction of this culture.

Features of the Maya civilization has evolved slowly during the year and the year of 700 m 300 m, and this period is called the traditional Maqil in the life of the Maya. With the beginning of this period, those who speak the language Almayawah live in three adjacent regions of Central America and eastern and southern Mexico

Almioyun was first practiced his sons farming people, and live in small villages scattered in small houses roofed.

This civilization reached its peak year 700 BC. M. And got away with the old empire solutions seventh century BC. AD, especially in the southern cities because of the diseases, wars, famines and climate. In the year 1000 BC. M. The empire of modern Maya was stronger than it was in the past appeared in the new towns and Yukktan Otza However, most of these cities are extinct. In the year 300 AD traditional civilization appeared to the people of the Mayan civilization and has become complicated since the year 300 AD - 900 AD where the major cities as a city politically independent and Banic Tikal and Piedras and Ngrass and Kuban

In the eighth century and nineteenth century, began the Mayan civilization classical decline, and that abandonment of the population of cities in the interior plains, the war and the failure of agricultural land to cover the needs of the population and drought, is what is believed to be the cause of its decline, and there is archaeological evidence indicates that war, famine, revolutions internal ruling class and nobles prevailed in several parts in the interior.

Spaniards began to control the territory within the limits of Maya, 1520, and some areas have resisted desperately, and the last Maya kingdoms, the Kingdom of Itza, not subject to the Spaniards until in 1697 AD.

Famous Mayan civilization since the fourth century until the coming of the Spaniards and the establishment of the pyramids and temples and above the peaks of housing priests, was also famous for pottery, which was in the form of cylindrical cups her pregnant and with three legs and colorful bowls.

The pictorial writings of the Maya and the work until the eleventh century (Alavrsk). In western Panama have found traces of gold and pottery, were also found on the tombs of their
Known as the Mayan civilization's writing (hieroglyphics) as defined Calendar 613 m and Almayawah year 18 months 20 days each month. Was added 5 days for the year in which mismanage practiced religious rituals.

Knew the account was a sophisticated point of unity and the five units rod Twenty-Hilal and were taking the human and animal numerical units

 
The ancient Mayan empire was characterized by its buildings and public houses of senior men and the priests that had been building with stones and was also famous for the large Bmdnha Kcolan in Honduras, and the adoption of some cities around the walls, and the streets were paved roads linking major cities.

Maya did not know the vehicles of the calf did not use animals to carry the weight but they were carrying to trade on their backs after linking them with a rope hanging over the chest or front or take them in small boats, rivers, coastal waters and are made of hollow tree trunks after discharge from the drilling

Follow the Mayan writing system is complex, like writing letters hieroglyphic hieroglyphic, and they were writing down their observations and astronomical calculations and calculation of the calendar and Onsabhm writing, history, and writing was a mixture of avatars glyphs which represent full words can be read and pronounce. The recorded scripts carved on the columns of stone temples and altars altars and thresholds for doors, balconies, roof beams, or painted on ceramic pots or in the books made from the bark of trees

 Were planting seeds in a hole Ihvrunha sticks of wood and paint brushes were then Bmarson techniques for cultivation expanded and continuous, and follow the method of intensive farming and crop rotation and fertilizer use, and they were planting gardens around the houses and balconies.

The animals llamas, dogs, the main crop was corn, beans, Alavakado, chilies, papaya, pineapple and cocoa, as well as they grow potatoes and tomatoes, and eucalyptus trees, coca
Cocoa drink was a favorite after the addition of water and chili to him, and a woman grinding corn Barahy stone and made ​​him a favorite drink or Takbzh Kkaakh above the hot slab of clay.

The Almioyun drink fermented honey and the bark of it (peel) trees Albulh balche, and they were hunting rabbits, deer and turkeys to eat their meat, and raise turkeys, ducks and dogs as pets indoors. And after eating fish caught

Comfort during work were making stone tools, clay figurines and small and engraved gems and Ajdlon the ropes and make baskets and mats. The woman made ​​pottery of colored filaments of mud and wrapped in woven fiber cotton gowns, shirts, supportive men to Estrua by faults. They were using the bark of trees, wild figs pads which had been used in ceremonial purposes
The kings are called title Colaho k'ul ahau and meaning of the ruling Grand and sacred because the king had a political and religious power. The kings ruled by a hereditary ruling council, but their power collapsed after the emergence of the religious establishment, which was for the priests in their power, was the rule shall every city is the king of the priest.

The rich elite entertainers and the public's poor Medkaan. The nobles lived in houses built of carved stone and plaster walls of the fee, and it was the dead of nobles buried in the basement of stone, along with holdings of pottery, precious stones and sometimes it was placed with human sacrifices to serve them after death

.Community was mostly Mayan peasants Khrajhm villagers perform two thirds of the ruling class and mock them at work, and the women and Emctun Aitiln their hair and hairstyle was marked layer of women in society, and be wearing embroidered blouses and Kelchibat.

Was Almioyun women and men wear their tattooed masterly drawing. There were domestic slaves and criminals. Slave trade was prevalent, especially the poor and that they are selling themselves in the slave markets. They were either working in forced labor or slaughter Kodahi buried with their masters to Akhaddmohm after death

.The communities living Mayan tribal settlements and their heads were also hereditary rulers, and they were ruled by their political and spiritual abilities, where he was believed to have the ability to connect the forces of natural superstar. And their families were among those representing the upper class. And there was a general council of the wise men thereof includes clans and tribal leaders to manage their own affairs, political and religious

Ancient agricultural peoples as a whole was first worshiped the gods Almioyun agriculture as God the God of rain and corn, and they offer him a sacrificial offerings to Atoddoa her. The ancient astronomers may have noticed the movements of the sun, moon, planets, and made ​​their calendar through their accounts and astronomical observations of the celestial bodies

 The observations of astronomers predict Tbasharham events and happy hours in their life, especially for agriculture or war. Pyramids and tumuli-like hills and made ​​of stones and rubble above the summit altars altars or thatched temples, were placed in the heart of the settlements of the priests offer sacrifices sacrifices to the gods above. For this set up large-sized pyramids in the El Mirador site Almirador in the lowlands of Guatemala, and one of the large buildings of the ancient Maya.

 
In the year 400 BC. M. Almirador area became a center inhabited population and chair of a powerful chiefdom chiefdom. During the passage of time of pre-modern traditional Mayan stones used in construction, and were using stone Aloobsidian Obsidian (Flint), a soft volcanic rock, and was brought from the highlands of Guatemala, it Vsnawa weapons, machinery and sculptures

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 In the year 300 AD. Civilization emerged traditional Mayan people, and has become a complex civilization since the year 300 AD - 900 AD where the major cities as a city politically independent and Banic Tikal and Piedras and Ngrass and Kuban. And he was the king to rule all the city is a priest. Referees had their pictures embossed on Astellat stelae (see: Stella) of the rocks, carrying weapons and trying to capture each other to bring them for the purposes of Kzbaúh sacrificial ritual and political. They are destroying parts of the cities, especially ceremonial boundaries of the temples, but this did not affect the population and the economy in the same city.

The city-states fought each other on a small scale does not exceed raids blitz and then reverting Alserba withdrawal, and most of the attackers were from the nobility.

In low-lying areas the land of the Maya built large cities and stable where she inhabited who were paying tribute in the form of goods or work in the construction of temples, palaces, courtyards, water tanks and bridges the top above the swamp, and they conceal in their hearts and digging ceilings, floor and walls Bmona paste limestone red. The sculptors engraved on stone columns and news history of the families of the rulers and their wars and victories there

.The internal trade flourishing between the regions of the Maya, where roads were scattered through the facilitation of transport and communications, and goods were exchanged crops ceramic blades tropical birds, cotton yarn, stone Aloobsidon and crushed salt and dyes red drying insects cochineal scarlet color, and incense from resin trees Kopal and skin leopard, honey, wax and yarn cotton and antelope meat smoked and dried fish, and the people barter or sell goods they buy cocoa grains, which were used as currency in buying and selling

Maya had multiple gods and god was the Great (Hounnap ku) creator of the world, and was the most important gods. And the god (Aetzmna) sky god of the heavens and the owner of the day and night, and sends rain and the patron of writing and medicine, and his worship was confined to the priests, and appeared to be in support of the royal family and supporting it. And the God of corn (plant) (on Cox) and the gods of the four gods of rain Chx. God and all of them refers to the point of the four cardinal a cardinal direction and has a special color. The women work crew builds a god of the rainbow (X cripple), which was linked to healing and the birth of children and breast-feeding

Consider all the Mayan goddess (Xstubb) goddess of suicide because they believe that suicide bombers in the sky go private.

Almioyun was practicing rituals and celebrations of the Mass for the residents of these gods in the first year Almayawah in July or in a state of emergency as drought and famine, epidemics and drought. They were gathered in a public square to honor the gods and put the feathers on the doors of the arena. The groups of men and women put their clothes over their heads and feathers, bells, small hands and feet when the rhythm of the dance arena drums and flutes and the sounds of trumpets. The worshipers were a popular drink drink, and some participants were taking LSD of human sacrifice

The Al-Ahram stone temples, the temple was decorated in low relief or a decree elaborate designs and forms, a stone slab Mguet vertical plaid also known as custom roof roof comb. Interface and the temple are decorated with stone arches Pintoaouat the distinctive corbeled arches. It was all praises arc of stone and every room was extended beyond the room underneath, and was linked by a stone arch keystone nodes above them. It was known before the altar of incense smoke, which was burned in censers pottery, and the worshipers offer gifts of corn, fruit, birds, fishing, and the blood that was worshiper obtained by piercing the lips or tongue or penis Bmharraz.

Honor of the Mayan was the ultimate human toll of providing children and slaves and prisoners of war. The victim was painted blue and killed over the top of the pyramid in a ceremonial ritual beat him with arrows until death or after restriction forearms and legs, while the priest find his chest with a sharp knife sacred from flint to clinch the heart to give an offering, and the leaders were prisoners of the enemy brought a victim after you kill them with axes central ceremony of the ritual

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